#pragma once

#include <memory>

namespace mln {

/**
 * `Mutable<T>` is a non-nullable uniquely owning reference to a `T`. It can be
 * efficiently converted to `Immutable<T>`.
 *
 * The lifecycle of `Mutable<T>` and `Immutable<T>` is as follows:
 *
 *   1. Create a `Mutable<T>` using `makeMutable(...)`
 *   2. Mutate it freely
 *   3. When you're ready to freeze its state and enable safe cross-thread
 * sharing, move assign or move construct it to `Immutable<T>`
 *
 * The reason that `Mutable<T>` exists, rather than simply using a
 * `std::unique_ptr<T>`, is to take advantage of the underlying
 * single-allocation optimization provided by `std::make_shared`.
 */
template <class T>
class Mutable {
public:
    Mutable(Mutable&&) noexcept = default;
    Mutable& operator=(Mutable&&) noexcept = default;

    Mutable(const Mutable&) = delete;
    Mutable& operator=(const Mutable&) = delete;

    T* get() noexcept { return ptr.get(); }
    T* operator->() noexcept { return ptr.get(); }
    T& operator*() noexcept { return *ptr; }

private:
    Mutable(std::shared_ptr<T>&& s) noexcept
        : ptr(std::move(s)) {}

    std::shared_ptr<T> ptr;

    template <class S>
    friend class Immutable;
    // NOLINTNEXTLINE(readability-redundant-declaration)
    template <class S, class... Args>
    friend Mutable<S> makeMutable(Args&&...);
    // NOLINTNEXTLINE(readability-redundant-declaration)
    template <class S, class U>
    friend Mutable<S> staticMutableCast(const Mutable<U>&) noexcept;
};

template <class T, class... Args>
Mutable<T> makeMutable(Args&&... args) {
    return Mutable<T>(std::make_shared<T>(std::forward<Args>(args)...));
}

template <class S, class U>
Mutable<S> staticMutableCast(const Mutable<U>& u) noexcept {
    return Mutable<S>(std::static_pointer_cast<S>(u.ptr));
}

/**
 * `Immutable<T>` is a non-nullable shared reference to a `const T`.
 * Construction requires a transfer of unique ownership from a `Mutable<T>`;
 * once constructed it has the same behavior as `std::shared_ptr<const T>` but
 * with better indication of intent.
 *
 * Normally one should not share state between threads because it's difficult to
 * verify the absence of read/write data races. `Immutable` provides a guarantee
 * that no writes are possible, and instances therefore can be freely
 * transferred and shared between threads.
 */
template <class T>
class Immutable {
public:
    template <class S>
    Immutable(Mutable<S>&& s) noexcept
        : ptr(std::const_pointer_cast<const S>(std::move(s.ptr))) {}

    template <class S>
    Immutable(Immutable<S> s) noexcept
        : ptr(std::move(s.ptr)) {}

    Immutable(Immutable&&) noexcept = default;
    Immutable(const Immutable&) = default;

    template <class S>
    Immutable& operator=([[maybe_unused]] Mutable<S>&& s) noexcept {
        ptr = std::const_pointer_cast<const S>(std::move(s.ptr));
        return *this;
    }

    Immutable& operator=(Immutable&&) noexcept = default;
    Immutable& operator=(const Immutable&) = default;

    const T* get() const noexcept { return ptr.get(); }
    const T* operator->() const noexcept { return ptr.get(); }
    const T& operator*() const noexcept { return *ptr; }

    friend bool operator==(const Immutable<T>& lhs, const Immutable<T>& rhs) noexcept { return lhs.ptr == rhs.ptr; }

    friend bool operator!=(const Immutable<T>& lhs, const Immutable<T>& rhs) noexcept { return lhs.ptr != rhs.ptr; }

private:
    Immutable(std::shared_ptr<const T>&& s) noexcept
        : ptr(std::move(s)) {}

    std::shared_ptr<const T> ptr;

    template <class S>
    friend class Immutable;

    // NOLINTNEXTLINE(readability-redundant-declaration)
    template <class S, class U>
    friend Immutable<S> staticImmutableCast(const Immutable<U>&) noexcept;
};

template <class S, class U>
Immutable<S> staticImmutableCast(const Immutable<U>& u) noexcept {
    return Immutable<S>(std::static_pointer_cast<const S>(u.ptr));
}

/**
 * Constrained mutation of an immutable reference. Makes a temporarily-mutable
 * copy of the input Immutable using the inner type's copy constructor, runs the
 * given callable on the mutable copy, and then freezes the copy and reassigns
 * it to the input reference.
 *
 * Note that other Immutables referring to the same inner instance are not
 * affected; they continue to referencing the original immutable instance.
 */
template <class T, class Fn>
void mutate(Immutable<T>& immutable, Fn&& fn) {
    Mutable<T> mut = makeMutable<T>(*immutable);
    std::forward<Fn>(fn)(*mut);
    immutable = std::move(mut);
}

} // namespace mln