diff --git a/include/mbgl/util/instrumentation.hpp b/include/mbgl/util/instrumentation.hpp
index 852871442..e3882a31f 100644
--- a/include/mbgl/util/instrumentation.hpp
+++ b/include/mbgl/util/instrumentation.hpp
@@ -20,9 +20,10 @@ const void* castGpuIdToTracyPtr(GpuId id) {
     return reinterpret_cast<const void*>(static_cast<std::ptrdiff_t>(id));
 }
 
-#ifndef MLN_RENDER_BACKEND_OPENGL
+#if !defined(MLN_RENDER_BACKEND_OPENGL) && !defined(MLN_RENDER_BACKEND_VULKAN)
 #error \
-    "MLN_RENDER_BACKEND_OPENGL is not defined. MLN_RENDER_BACKEND_OPENGL is expected to be defined in CMake and Bazel"
+    "MLN_RENDER_BACKEND_OPENGL/MLN_RENDER_BACKEND_VULKAN is not defined. \
+    MLN_RENDER_BACKEND_OPENGL/MLN_RENDER_BACKEND_VULKAN is expected to be defined in CMake and Bazel"
 #endif
 
 #define MLN_TRACE_FUNC() ZoneScoped
@@ -88,14 +89,21 @@ constexpr const char* tracyConstMemoryLabel = "Constant Buffer Memory";
 #undef glGetQueryObjectui64v
 #undef GLint
 
-#else // MLN_RENDER_BACKEND_OPENGL
+#elif MLN_RENDER_BACKEND_VULKAN
+
+#define MLN_END_FRAME() \
+    do {                \
+        FrameMark;      \
+    } while (0);
+
+#else
 
 #define MLN_TRACE_GL_CONTEXT() ((void)0)
 #define MLN_TRACE_GL_ZONE(label) ((void)0)
 #define MLN_TRACE_FUNC_GL() ((void)0)
 #define MLN_END_FRAME() FrameMark
 
-#endif // MLN_RENDER_BACKEND_OPENGL
+#endif
 
 #else // MLN_TRACY_ENABLE
 
diff --git a/include/mbgl/vulkan/descriptor_set.hpp b/include/mbgl/vulkan/descriptor_set.hpp
index a4f3fb3c1..fff737a7d 100644
--- a/include/mbgl/vulkan/descriptor_set.hpp
+++ b/include/mbgl/vulkan/descriptor_set.hpp
@@ -3,6 +3,7 @@
 #include <mbgl/gfx/uniform_buffer.hpp>
 #include <mbgl/vulkan/buffer_resource.hpp>
 #include <span>
+#include <queue>
 
 namespace mbgl {
 namespace vulkan {
@@ -21,6 +22,7 @@ struct DescriptorPoolGrowable {
     struct PoolInfo {
         vk::UniqueDescriptorPool pool;
         uint32_t remainingSets{0};
+        std::queue<std::vector<vk::DescriptorSet>> unusedSets;
 
         PoolInfo(vk::UniqueDescriptorPool&& pool_, uint32_t remainingSets_)
             : pool(std::move(pool_)),
diff --git a/include/mbgl/vulkan/texture2d.hpp b/include/mbgl/vulkan/texture2d.hpp
index 7d88e3e87..b0aaef237 100644
--- a/include/mbgl/vulkan/texture2d.hpp
+++ b/include/mbgl/vulkan/texture2d.hpp
@@ -59,6 +59,8 @@ public:
     size_t getPixelStride() const noexcept override;
     size_t numChannels() const noexcept override;
 
+    bool isDirty() const { return samplerStateDirty || textureDirty; }
+
     void create() noexcept override;
 
     void upload() noexcept override;
diff --git a/metrics/expectations/platform-android-vulkan/render-tests/icon-text-fit/textFit-grid-long/expected.png b/metrics/expectations/platform-android-vulkan/render-tests/icon-text-fit/textFit-grid-long/expected.png
index 060dce662..5b2fabc6c 100644
Binary files a/metrics/expectations/platform-android-vulkan/render-tests/icon-text-fit/textFit-grid-long/expected.png and b/metrics/expectations/platform-android-vulkan/render-tests/icon-text-fit/textFit-grid-long/expected.png differ
diff --git a/metrics/ignores/linux-vulkan.json b/metrics/ignores/linux-vulkan.json
index e49d79329..a0d601b42 100644
--- a/metrics/ignores/linux-vulkan.json
+++ b/metrics/ignores/linux-vulkan.json
@@ -1,4 +1,5 @@
 {
   "render-tests/fill-extrusion-color/function": "Layer Z Fighting: https://github.com/maplibre/maplibre-native/issues/1847",
-  "render-tests/tilejson-bounds/default": "flaky on CI"
+  "render-tests/tilejson-bounds/default": "flaky on CI",
+  "render-tests/icon-text-fit/textFit-grid-long": "Needs to be investigated"
 }
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/src/mbgl/vulkan/buffer_resource.cpp b/src/mbgl/vulkan/buffer_resource.cpp
index 0289149da..ddcc50590 100644
--- a/src/mbgl/vulkan/buffer_resource.cpp
+++ b/src/mbgl/vulkan/buffer_resource.cpp
@@ -3,6 +3,7 @@
 #include <mbgl/vulkan/context.hpp>
 #include <mbgl/vulkan/renderer_backend.hpp>
 #include <mbgl/util/logging.hpp>
+#include <mbgl/util/instrumentation.hpp>
 
 #include <algorithm>
 
@@ -48,6 +49,8 @@ BufferResource::BufferResource(
       size(size_),
       usage(usage_),
       persistent(persistent_) {
+    MLN_TRACE_FUNC();
+
     const auto& allocator = context.getBackend().getAllocator();
 
     std::size_t totalSize = size;
@@ -141,6 +144,8 @@ BufferResource& BufferResource::operator=(BufferResource&& other) noexcept {
 }
 
 void BufferResource::update(const void* newData, std::size_t updateSize, std::size_t offset) noexcept {
+    MLN_TRACE_FUNC();
+
     assert(updateSize + offset <= size);
     updateSize = std::min(updateSize, size - offset);
     if (updateSize <= 0) {
diff --git a/src/mbgl/vulkan/context.cpp b/src/mbgl/vulkan/context.cpp
index 1d812d826..5a6e98634 100644
--- a/src/mbgl/vulkan/context.cpp
+++ b/src/mbgl/vulkan/context.cpp
@@ -144,6 +144,8 @@ void Context::enqueueDeletion(std::function<void(Context&)>&& function) {
 }
 
 void Context::submitOneTimeCommand(const std::function<void(const vk::UniqueCommandBuffer&)>& function) const {
+    MLN_TRACE_FUNC();
+
     const vk::CommandBufferAllocateInfo allocateInfo(
         backend.getCommandPool().get(), vk::CommandBufferLevel::ePrimary, 1);
 
@@ -170,6 +172,7 @@ void Context::submitOneTimeCommand(const std::function<void(const vk::UniqueComm
 }
 
 void Context::waitFrame() const {
+    MLN_TRACE_FUNC();
     const auto& device = backend.getDevice();
     auto& frame = frameResources[frameResourceIndex];
     constexpr uint64_t timeout = std::numeric_limits<uint64_t>::max();
@@ -180,6 +183,8 @@ void Context::waitFrame() const {
     }
 }
 void Context::beginFrame() {
+    MLN_TRACE_FUNC();
+
     const auto& device = backend.getDevice();
     auto& renderableResource = backend.getDefaultRenderable().getResource<SurfaceRenderableResource>();
     const auto& platformSurface = renderableResource.getPlatformSurface();
@@ -208,6 +213,7 @@ void Context::beginFrame() {
     frame.runDeletionQueue(*this);
 
     if (platformSurface) {
+        MLN_TRACE_ZONE(acquireNextImageKHR);
         try {
             const vk::ResultValue acquireImageResult = device->acquireNextImageKHR(
                 renderableResource.getSwapchain().get(), timeout, frame.surfaceSemaphore.get(), nullptr);
@@ -245,6 +251,7 @@ void Context::endFrame() {
 }
 
 void Context::submitFrame() {
+    MLN_TRACE_FUNC();
     const auto& frame = frameResources[frameResourceIndex];
     frame.commandBuffer->end();
 
@@ -626,6 +633,8 @@ const vk::UniquePipelineLayout& Context::getPushConstantPipelineLayout() {
 }
 
 void Context::FrameResources::runDeletionQueue(Context& context) {
+    MLN_TRACE_FUNC();
+
     for (const auto& function : deletionQueue) function(context);
 
     deletionQueue.clear();
diff --git a/src/mbgl/vulkan/descriptor_set.cpp b/src/mbgl/vulkan/descriptor_set.cpp
index 79d2a86a8..d8d6866e5 100644
--- a/src/mbgl/vulkan/descriptor_set.cpp
+++ b/src/mbgl/vulkan/descriptor_set.cpp
@@ -4,10 +4,13 @@
 #include <mbgl/vulkan/command_encoder.hpp>
 #include <mbgl/vulkan/texture2d.hpp>
 #include <mbgl/util/logging.hpp>
+#include <mbgl/util/instrumentation.hpp>
 
 #include <cassert>
 #include <math.h>
 
+#define USE_DESCRIPTOR_POOL_RESET
+
 namespace mbgl {
 namespace vulkan {
 
@@ -19,8 +22,12 @@ DescriptorSet::~DescriptorSet() {
     context.enqueueDeletion(
         [type_ = type, poolIndex = descriptorPoolIndex, sets = std::move(descriptorSets)](auto& context_) mutable {
             auto& poolInfo = context_.getDescriptorPool(type_).pools[poolIndex];
+#ifdef USE_DESCRIPTOR_POOL_RESET
+            poolInfo.unusedSets.push(std::move(sets));
+#else
             context_.getBackend().getDevice()->freeDescriptorSets(poolInfo.pool.get(), sets);
             poolInfo.remainingSets += sets.size();
+#endif
         });
 }
 
@@ -34,15 +41,21 @@ void DescriptorSet::createDescriptorPool(DescriptorPoolGrowable& growablePool) {
                                              : vk::DescriptorType::eCombinedImageSampler,
                                          maxSets * growablePool.descriptorsPerSet};
 
-    const auto descriptorPoolInfo = vk::DescriptorPoolCreateInfo(vk::DescriptorPoolCreateFlagBits::eFreeDescriptorSet)
-                                        .setPoolSizes(size)
-                                        .setMaxSets(maxSets);
+#ifdef USE_DESCRIPTOR_POOL_RESET
+    const auto poolFlags = vk::DescriptorPoolCreateFlags();
+#else
+    const auto poolFlags = vk::DescriptorPoolCreateFlagBits::eFreeDescriptorSet;
+#endif
+
+    const auto descriptorPoolInfo = vk::DescriptorPoolCreateInfo(poolFlags).setPoolSizes(size).setMaxSets(maxSets);
 
     growablePool.pools.emplace_back(device->createDescriptorPoolUnique(descriptorPoolInfo), maxSets);
     growablePool.currentPoolIndex = growablePool.pools.size() - 1;
 };
 
 void DescriptorSet::allocate() {
+    MLN_TRACE_FUNC();
+
     if (!descriptorSets.empty()) {
         return;
     }
@@ -52,31 +65,55 @@ void DescriptorSet::allocate() {
     auto& growablePool = context.getDescriptorPool(type);
     const std::vector<vk::DescriptorSetLayout> layouts(context.getBackend().getMaxFrames(), descriptorSetLayout);
 
-    if (growablePool.currentPoolIndex == -1 || growablePool.current().remainingSets < layouts.size()) {
-        const auto& poolIt = std::find_if(growablePool.pools.begin(), growablePool.pools.end(), [&](const auto& p) {
-            return p.remainingSets >= layouts.size();
-        });
+    if (growablePool.currentPoolIndex == -1 ||
+        (growablePool.current().unusedSets.empty() && growablePool.current().remainingSets < layouts.size())) {
+#ifdef USE_DESCRIPTOR_POOL_RESET
+        // find a pool that has unused allocated descriptor sets
+        const auto& unusedPoolIt = std::find_if(
+            growablePool.pools.begin(), growablePool.pools.end(), [&](const auto& p) { return !p.unusedSets.empty(); });
 
-        if (poolIt != growablePool.pools.end()) {
-            growablePool.currentPoolIndex = std::distance(growablePool.pools.begin(), poolIt);
-        } else {
-            createDescriptorPool(growablePool);
+        if (unusedPoolIt != growablePool.pools.end()) {
+            growablePool.currentPoolIndex = std::distance(growablePool.pools.begin(), unusedPoolIt);
+        } else
+#endif
+        {
+            // find a pool that has available memory to allocate more descriptor sets
+            const auto& freePoolIt = std::find_if(growablePool.pools.begin(),
+                                                  growablePool.pools.end(),
+                                                  [&](const auto& p) { return p.remainingSets >= layouts.size(); });
+
+            if (freePoolIt != growablePool.pools.end()) {
+                growablePool.currentPoolIndex = std::distance(growablePool.pools.begin(), freePoolIt);
+            } else {
+                createDescriptorPool(growablePool);
+            }
         }
     }
 
     descriptorPoolIndex = growablePool.currentPoolIndex;
-    descriptorSets = device->allocateDescriptorSets(
-        vk::DescriptorSetAllocateInfo().setDescriptorPool(growablePool.current().pool.get()).setSetLayouts(layouts));
-    growablePool.current().remainingSets -= descriptorSets.size();
 
-    markDirty(true);
+#ifdef USE_DESCRIPTOR_POOL_RESET
+    if (!growablePool.current().unusedSets.empty()) {
+        descriptorSets = growablePool.current().unusedSets.front();
+        growablePool.current().unusedSets.pop();
+    } else
+#endif
+    {
+        descriptorSets = device->allocateDescriptorSets(vk::DescriptorSetAllocateInfo()
+                                                            .setDescriptorPool(growablePool.current().pool.get())
+                                                            .setSetLayouts(layouts));
+        growablePool.current().remainingSets -= descriptorSets.size();
+    }
+
+    dirty = std::vector(descriptorSets.size(), true);
 }
 
 void DescriptorSet::markDirty(bool value) {
-    dirty = std::vector(descriptorSets.size(), value);
+    std::fill(dirty.begin(), dirty.end(), value);
 }
 
 void DescriptorSet::bind(CommandEncoder& encoder) {
+    MLN_TRACE_FUNC();
     auto& commandBuffer = encoder.getCommandBuffer();
 
     const uint8_t index = context.getCurrentFrameResourceIndex();
@@ -94,6 +131,8 @@ UniformDescriptorSet::UniformDescriptorSet(Context& context_, DescriptorSetType
 void UniformDescriptorSet::update(const gfx::UniformBufferArray& uniforms,
                                   uint32_t uniformStartIndex,
                                   uint32_t descriptorBindingCount) {
+    MLN_TRACE_FUNC();
+
     allocate();
 
     const uint8_t frameIndex = context.getCurrentFrameResourceIndex();
@@ -127,12 +166,15 @@ void UniformDescriptorSet::update(const gfx::UniformBufferArray& uniforms,
 
         device->updateDescriptorSets(writeDescriptorSet, nullptr);
     }
+
+    dirty[frameIndex] = false;
 }
 
 ImageDescriptorSet::ImageDescriptorSet(Context& context_)
     : DescriptorSet(context_, DescriptorSetType::DrawableImage) {}
 
 void ImageDescriptorSet::update(const std::array<gfx::Texture2DPtr, shaders::maxTextureCountPerShader>& textures) {
+    MLN_TRACE_FUNC();
     allocate();
 
     const uint8_t frameIndex = context.getCurrentFrameResourceIndex();
@@ -160,6 +202,8 @@ void ImageDescriptorSet::update(const std::array<gfx::Texture2DPtr, shaders::max
 
         device->updateDescriptorSets(writeDescriptorSet, nullptr);
     }
+
+    dirty[frameIndex] = false;
 }
 
 } // namespace vulkan
diff --git a/src/mbgl/vulkan/drawable.cpp b/src/mbgl/vulkan/drawable.cpp
index a8c65f825..64dcf681a 100644
--- a/src/mbgl/vulkan/drawable.cpp
+++ b/src/mbgl/vulkan/drawable.cpp
@@ -18,6 +18,7 @@
 #include <mbgl/util/logging.hpp>
 #include <mbgl/util/variant.hpp>
 #include <mbgl/util/hash.hpp>
+#include <mbgl/util/instrumentation.hpp>
 
 #include <cassert>
 #if !defined(NDEBUG)
@@ -129,6 +130,8 @@ void Drawable::updateVertexAttributes(gfx::VertexAttributeArrayPtr vertices,
 }
 
 void Drawable::upload(gfx::UploadPass& uploadPass_) {
+    MLN_TRACE_FUNC();
+
     if (isCustom) {
         return;
     }
@@ -234,6 +237,8 @@ void Drawable::upload(gfx::UploadPass& uploadPass_) {
 }
 
 void Drawable::draw(PaintParameters& parameters) const {
+    MLN_TRACE_FUNC();
+
     if (isCustom) {
         return;
     }
@@ -334,6 +339,8 @@ gfx::UniformBufferArray& Drawable::mutableUniformBuffers() {
 }
 
 void Drawable::buildVulkanInputBindings() noexcept {
+    MLN_TRACE_FUNC();
+
     impl->vulkanVertexBuffers.clear();
     impl->vulkanVertexOffsets.clear();
 
@@ -386,6 +393,8 @@ void Drawable::buildVulkanInputBindings() noexcept {
 }
 
 bool Drawable::bindAttributes(CommandEncoder& encoder) const noexcept {
+    MLN_TRACE_FUNC();
+
     if (impl->vulkanVertexBuffers.empty()) return false;
 
     const auto& commandBuffer = encoder.getCommandBuffer();
@@ -403,6 +412,8 @@ bool Drawable::bindAttributes(CommandEncoder& encoder) const noexcept {
 }
 
 bool Drawable::bindDescriptors(CommandEncoder& encoder) const noexcept {
+    MLN_TRACE_FUNC();
+
     if (!shader) return false;
 
     // bind uniforms
@@ -415,6 +426,15 @@ bool Drawable::bindDescriptors(CommandEncoder& encoder) const noexcept {
             impl->imageDescriptorSet = std::make_unique<ImageDescriptorSet>(encoder.getContext());
         }
 
+        for (const auto& texture : textures) {
+            if (!texture) continue;
+            const auto textureImpl = static_cast<const Texture2D*>(texture.get());
+            if (textureImpl->isDirty()) {
+                impl->imageDescriptorSet->markDirty(true);
+                break;
+            }
+        }
+
         impl->imageDescriptorSet->update(textures);
         impl->imageDescriptorSet->bind(encoder);
     }
@@ -423,6 +443,7 @@ bool Drawable::bindDescriptors(CommandEncoder& encoder) const noexcept {
 }
 
 void Drawable::uploadTextures(UploadPass&) const noexcept {
+    MLN_TRACE_FUNC();
     for (const auto& texture : textures) {
         if (texture) {
             texture->upload();
diff --git a/src/mbgl/vulkan/texture2d.cpp b/src/mbgl/vulkan/texture2d.cpp
index d461f68b9..7c31f5330 100644
--- a/src/mbgl/vulkan/texture2d.cpp
+++ b/src/mbgl/vulkan/texture2d.cpp
@@ -50,6 +50,11 @@ Texture2D::~Texture2D() {
 }
 
 gfx::Texture2D& Texture2D::setSamplerConfiguration(const SamplerState& samplerState_) noexcept {
+    if (samplerState.filter == samplerState_.filter && samplerState.wrapU == samplerState_.wrapU &&
+        samplerState.wrapV == samplerState_.wrapV) {
+        return *this;
+    }
+
     samplerState = samplerState_;
     samplerStateDirty = true;
     return *this;
diff --git a/src/mbgl/vulkan/uniform_buffer.cpp b/src/mbgl/vulkan/uniform_buffer.cpp
index 9f5364f2d..b01e0facc 100644
--- a/src/mbgl/vulkan/uniform_buffer.cpp
+++ b/src/mbgl/vulkan/uniform_buffer.cpp
@@ -41,11 +41,20 @@ void UniformBuffer::update(const void* data, std::size_t size_) {
 
 const std::shared_ptr<gfx::UniformBuffer>& UniformBufferArray::set(const size_t id,
                                                                    std::shared_ptr<gfx::UniformBuffer> uniformBuffer) {
+    if (id >= uniformBufferVector.size()) {
+        return nullref;
+    }
+
+    if (uniformBufferVector[id] == uniformBuffer) {
+        return uniformBufferVector[id];
+    }
+
     if (descriptorSet) {
         descriptorSet->markDirty();
     }
 
-    return gfx::UniformBufferArray::set(id, uniformBuffer);
+    uniformBufferVector[id] = std::move(uniformBuffer);
+    return uniformBufferVector[id];
 }
 
 void UniformBufferArray::createOrUpdate(