diff --git a/include/mbgl/geometry/glyph_atlas.hpp b/include/mbgl/geometry/glyph_atlas.hpp
index 07011d324..8df9fd0f7 100644
--- a/include/mbgl/geometry/glyph_atlas.hpp
+++ b/include/mbgl/geometry/glyph_atlas.hpp
@@ -3,6 +3,7 @@
 
 #include <mbgl/geometry/binpack.hpp>
 #include <mbgl/text/glyph_store.hpp>
+#include <mbgl/util/noncopyable.hpp>
 
 #include <string>
 #include <set>
@@ -12,7 +13,7 @@
 
 namespace mbgl {
 
-class GlyphAtlas {
+class GlyphAtlas : public util::noncopyable {
 public:
 
 private:
diff --git a/include/mbgl/geometry/sprite_atlas.hpp b/include/mbgl/geometry/sprite_atlas.hpp
index c30499a53..36f0f338e 100644
--- a/include/mbgl/geometry/sprite_atlas.hpp
+++ b/include/mbgl/geometry/sprite_atlas.hpp
@@ -2,6 +2,7 @@
 #define MBGL_GEOMETRY_SPRITE_ATLAS
 
 #include <mbgl/geometry/binpack.hpp>
+#include <mbgl/util/noncopyable.hpp>
 
 #include <string>
 #include <map>
@@ -14,7 +15,7 @@ namespace mbgl {
 class Sprite;
 class SpritePosition;
 
-class SpriteAtlas {
+class SpriteAtlas : public util::noncopyable {
 public:
     typedef uint16_t dimension;
 
diff --git a/include/mbgl/platform/event.hpp b/include/mbgl/platform/event.hpp
index 1676f40d2..1befd0af3 100644
--- a/include/mbgl/platform/event.hpp
+++ b/include/mbgl/platform/event.hpp
@@ -59,6 +59,7 @@ constexpr EventSeverity disabledEventSeverities[] = {
 #if !DEBUG
     EventSeverity::Debug,
 #endif
+    EventSeverity(-1) // Avoid zero size array
 };
 
 
diff --git a/include/mbgl/renderer/painter.hpp b/include/mbgl/renderer/painter.hpp
index fcbafc52d..a8fe62b55 100644
--- a/include/mbgl/renderer/painter.hpp
+++ b/include/mbgl/renderer/painter.hpp
@@ -81,11 +81,12 @@ public:
 
     void renderDebugText(DebugBucket& bucket, const mat4 &matrix);
     void renderDebugText(const std::vector<std::string> &strings);
-    void renderFill(FillBucket& bucket, const FillProperties& properties, const Tile::ID& id, const mat4 &matrix);
     void renderFill(FillBucket& bucket, std::shared_ptr<StyleLayer> layer_desc, const Tile::ID& id, const mat4 &matrix);
     void renderLine(LineBucket& bucket, std::shared_ptr<StyleLayer> layer_desc, const Tile::ID& id, const mat4 &matrix);
     void renderSymbol(SymbolBucket& bucket, std::shared_ptr<StyleLayer> layer_desc, const Tile::ID& id, const mat4 &matrix);
     void renderRaster(RasterBucket& bucket, std::shared_ptr<StyleLayer> layer_desc, const Tile::ID& id, const mat4 &matrix);
+    void renderBackground(std::shared_ptr<StyleLayer> layer_desc);
+
     std::array<float, 3> spinWeights(float spin_value);
 
     void preparePrerender(RasterBucket &bucket);
@@ -118,7 +119,7 @@ public:
     bool needsAnimation() const;
 private:
     void setupShaders();
-    const mat4 &translatedMatrix(const mat4& matrix, const std::array<float, 2> &translation, const Tile::ID &id, TranslateAnchorType anchor = TranslateAnchorType::Map);
+    mat4 translatedMatrix(const mat4& matrix, const std::array<float, 2> &translation, const Tile::ID &id, TranslateAnchorType anchor = TranslateAnchorType::Map);
 
     void prepareTile(const Tile& tile);
 
@@ -129,7 +130,6 @@ public:
     void depthRange(float near, float far);
 
 public:
-    mat4 vtxMatrix;
     mat4 projMatrix;
     mat4 nativeMatrix;
     mat4 extrudeMatrix;
@@ -142,11 +142,15 @@ public:
         return flipMatrix;
     }();
 
+    const mat4 identityMatrix = []{
+        mat4 identity;
+        matrix::identity(identity);
+        return identity;
+    }();
+
 private:
     Map& map;
 
-    FrameHistory frameHistory;
-
     bool debug = false;
 
     uint32_t gl_program = 0;
@@ -159,6 +163,8 @@ private:
     const float strata_epsilon = 1.0f / (1 << 16);
 
 public:
+    FrameHistory frameHistory;
+
     std::unique_ptr<PlainShader> plainShader;
     std::unique_ptr<OutlineShader> outlineShader;
     std::unique_ptr<LineShader> lineShader;
@@ -170,6 +176,13 @@ public:
     std::unique_ptr<DotShader> dotShader;
     std::unique_ptr<GaussianShader> gaussianShader;
 
+    StaticVertexBuffer backgroundBuffer = {
+        { -1, -1 }, { 1, -1 },
+        { -1,  1 }, { 1,  1 }
+    };
+
+    VertexArrayObject backgroundArray;
+
     // Set up the stencil quad we're using to generate the stencil mask.
     StaticVertexBuffer tileStencilBuffer = {
         // top left triangle
diff --git a/include/mbgl/style/property_key.hpp b/include/mbgl/style/property_key.hpp
index ec68ea991..28aa80060 100644
--- a/include/mbgl/style/property_key.hpp
+++ b/include/mbgl/style/property_key.hpp
@@ -60,6 +60,7 @@ enum class PropertyKey {
     RasterContrast,
     RasterFade,
 
+    BackgroundOpacity,
     BackgroundColor
 };
 
diff --git a/include/mbgl/style/style.hpp b/include/mbgl/style/style.hpp
index 6acb5d0cb..c09de6ebb 100644
--- a/include/mbgl/style/style.hpp
+++ b/include/mbgl/style/style.hpp
@@ -20,7 +20,6 @@ namespace mbgl {
 class Sprite;
 class StyleLayer;
 class StyleLayerGroup;
-struct BackgroundProperties;
 
 class Style {
 public:
@@ -47,8 +46,6 @@ public:
 
     bool hasTransitions() const;
 
-    const BackgroundProperties &getBackgroundProperties() const;
-
     const std::string &getSpriteURL() const;
 
 public:
diff --git a/include/mbgl/style/style_properties.hpp b/include/mbgl/style/style_properties.hpp
index bbe8812bc..20200a0dd 100644
--- a/include/mbgl/style/style_properties.hpp
+++ b/include/mbgl/style/style_properties.hpp
@@ -61,7 +61,7 @@ struct SymbolProperties {
 
     struct {
         float opacity = 1.0f;
-        float size = 12.0f;
+        float size = 16.0f;
         Color color = {{ 0, 0, 0, 1 }};
         Color halo_color = {{ 0, 0, 0, 0 }};
         float halo_width = 0.0f;
@@ -92,6 +92,7 @@ struct RasterProperties {
 
 struct BackgroundProperties {
     inline BackgroundProperties() {}
+    float opacity = 1.0f;
     Color color = {{ 0, 0, 0, 1 }};
 };
 
diff --git a/include/mbgl/text/glyph.hpp b/include/mbgl/text/glyph.hpp
index 38f9e116a..de7f55bdc 100644
--- a/include/mbgl/text/glyph.hpp
+++ b/include/mbgl/text/glyph.hpp
@@ -46,12 +46,12 @@ typedef std::map<uint32_t, Glyph> GlyphPositions;
 
 class PositionedGlyph {
 public:
-    inline explicit PositionedGlyph(uint32_t glyph, uint32_t x, uint32_t y)
+    inline explicit PositionedGlyph(uint32_t glyph, float x, float y)
         : glyph(glyph), x(x), y(y) {}
 
     uint32_t glyph = 0;
-    int32_t x = 0;
-    int32_t y = 0;
+    float x = 0;
+    float y = 0;
 };
 
 typedef std::vector<PositionedGlyph> Shaping;
diff --git a/src/map/map.cpp b/src/map/map.cpp
index b657ab689..5c139f364 100644
--- a/src/map/map.cpp
+++ b/src/map/map.cpp
@@ -559,6 +559,8 @@ void Map::render() {
 
     painter.drawClippingMasks(getActiveSources());
 
+    painter.frameHistory.record(getAnimationTime(), getState().getNormalizedZoom());
+
     // Actually render the layers
     if (debug::renderTree) { std::cout << "{" << std::endl; indent++; }
     renderLayers(style->layers);
@@ -625,7 +627,14 @@ void Map::renderLayers(std::shared_ptr<StyleLayerGroup> group) {
 
 void Map::renderLayer(std::shared_ptr<StyleLayer> layer_desc, RenderPass pass, const Tile::ID* id, const mat4* matrix) {
     if (layer_desc->type == StyleLayerType::Background) {
-        // This layer defines the background color.
+        // This layer defines a background color/image.
+
+        if (debug::renderTree) {
+            std::cout << std::string(indent * 4, ' ') << "- " << layer_desc->id << " ("
+                      << layer_desc->type << ")" << std::endl;
+        }
+
+        painter.renderBackground(layer_desc);
     } else {
         // This is a singular layer.
         if (!layer_desc->bucket) {
diff --git a/src/renderer/painter.cpp b/src/renderer/painter.cpp
index 240aff688..2a3d45c9e 100644
--- a/src/renderer/painter.cpp
+++ b/src/renderer/painter.cpp
@@ -143,8 +143,7 @@ void Painter::clear() {
     glStencilMask(0xFF);
     depthMask(true);
 
-    const BackgroundProperties &properties = map.getStyle()->getBackgroundProperties();
-    glClearColor(properties.color[0], properties.color[1], properties.color[2], properties.color[3]);
+    glClearColor(0, 0, 0, 0);
     glClear(GL_COLOR_BUFFER_BIT | GL_STENCIL_BUFFER_BIT | GL_DEPTH_BUFFER_BIT);
 }
 
@@ -180,18 +179,39 @@ void Painter::renderTileLayer(const Tile& tile, std::shared_ptr<StyleLayer> laye
         gl::group group(util::sprintf<32>("render %d/%d/%d\n", tile.id.z, tile.id.y, tile.id.z));
         prepareTile(tile);
         tile.data->render(*this, layer_desc, matrix);
-        frameHistory.record(map.getAnimationTime(), map.getState().getNormalizedZoom());
     }
 }
 
+void Painter::renderBackground(std::shared_ptr<StyleLayer> layer_desc) {
+    const BackgroundProperties& properties = layer_desc->getProperties<BackgroundProperties>();
 
-const mat4 &Painter::translatedMatrix(const mat4& matrix, const std::array<float, 2> &translation, const Tile::ID &id, TranslateAnchorType anchor) {
+    Color color = properties.color;
+    color[0] *= properties.opacity;
+    color[1] *= properties.opacity;
+    color[2] *= properties.opacity;
+    color[3] *= properties.opacity;
+
+    if ((color[3] >= 1.0f) == (pass == RenderPass::Opaque)) {
+        useProgram(plainShader->program);
+        plainShader->setMatrix(identityMatrix);
+        plainShader->setColor(color);
+        backgroundArray.bind(*plainShader, backgroundBuffer, BUFFER_OFFSET(0));
+
+        glDisable(GL_STENCIL_TEST);
+        depthRange(strata + strata_epsilon, 1.0f);
+        glDrawArrays(GL_TRIANGLE_STRIP, 0, 4);
+        glEnable(GL_STENCIL_TEST);
+    }
+}
+
+mat4 Painter::translatedMatrix(const mat4& matrix, const std::array<float, 2> &translation, const Tile::ID &id, TranslateAnchorType anchor) {
     if (translation[0] == 0 && translation[1] == 0) {
         return matrix;
     } else {
         // TODO: Get rid of the 8 (scaling from 4096 to tile size)
         const double factor = ((double)(1 << id.z)) / map.getState().getScale() * (4096.0 / util::tileSize);
 
+        mat4 vtxMatrix;
         if (anchor == TranslateAnchorType::Viewport) {
             const double sin_a = std::sin(-map.getState().getAngle());
             const double cos_a = std::cos(-map.getState().getAngle());
diff --git a/src/renderer/painter_fill.cpp b/src/renderer/painter_fill.cpp
index fe08d4c2f..97ca1767f 100644
--- a/src/renderer/painter_fill.cpp
+++ b/src/renderer/painter_fill.cpp
@@ -10,9 +10,13 @@
 
 using namespace mbgl;
 
+void Painter::renderFill(FillBucket& bucket, std::shared_ptr<StyleLayer> layer_desc, const Tile::ID& id, const mat4 &matrix) {
+    // Abort early.
+    if (!bucket.hasData()) return;
 
+    const FillProperties &properties = layer_desc->getProperties<FillProperties>();
+    mat4 vtxMatrix = translatedMatrix(matrix, properties.translate, id, properties.translateAnchor);
 
-void Painter::renderFill(FillBucket& bucket, const FillProperties& properties, const Tile::ID& id, const mat4 &vtxMatrix) {
     Color fill_color = properties.fill_color;
     fill_color[0] *= properties.opacity;
     fill_color[1] *= properties.opacity;
@@ -136,11 +140,3 @@ void Painter::renderFill(FillBucket& bucket, const FillProperties& properties, c
         bucket.drawVertices(*outlineShader);
     }
 }
-
-void Painter::renderFill(FillBucket& bucket, std::shared_ptr<StyleLayer> layer_desc, const Tile::ID& id, const mat4 &matrix) {
-    // Abort early.
-    if (!bucket.hasData()) return;
-    const FillProperties &properties = layer_desc->getProperties<FillProperties>();
-    const mat4 &vtxMatrix = translatedMatrix(matrix, properties.translate, id, properties.translateAnchor);
-    renderFill(bucket, properties, id, vtxMatrix);
-}
diff --git a/src/renderer/painter_line.cpp b/src/renderer/painter_line.cpp
index 24358c51d..ad0778fc0 100644
--- a/src/renderer/painter_line.cpp
+++ b/src/renderer/painter_line.cpp
@@ -31,7 +31,7 @@ void Painter::renderLine(LineBucket& bucket, std::shared_ptr<StyleLayer> layer_d
     float dash_length = properties.dash_array[0];
     float dash_gap = properties.dash_array[1];
 
-    const mat4 &vtxMatrix = translatedMatrix(matrix, properties.translate, id, properties.translateAnchor);
+    mat4 vtxMatrix = translatedMatrix(matrix, properties.translate, id, properties.translateAnchor);
 
     depthRange(strata, 1.0f);
 
diff --git a/src/renderer/painter_symbol.cpp b/src/renderer/painter_symbol.cpp
index c2d62bec7..e412bc49d 100644
--- a/src/renderer/painter_symbol.cpp
+++ b/src/renderer/painter_symbol.cpp
@@ -9,8 +9,7 @@
 
 namespace mbgl {
 
-void Painter::renderSymbol(SymbolBucket &bucket, std::shared_ptr<StyleLayer> layer_desc,
-                           const Tile::ID &/*id*/, const mat4 &matrix) {
+void Painter::renderSymbol(SymbolBucket &bucket, std::shared_ptr<StyleLayer> layer_desc, const Tile::ID &id, const mat4 &matrix) {
     // Abort early.
     if (pass == RenderPass::Opaque) {
         return;
@@ -21,6 +20,8 @@ void Painter::renderSymbol(SymbolBucket &bucket, std::shared_ptr<StyleLayer> lay
     glDisable(GL_STENCIL_TEST);
 
     if (bucket.hasTextData()) {
+        mat4 vtxMatrix = translatedMatrix(matrix, properties.text.translate, id, properties.text.translate_anchor);
+
         mat4 exMatrix;
         matrix::copy(exMatrix, projMatrix);
         if (bucket.properties.placement == PlacementType::Line) {
@@ -32,7 +33,7 @@ void Painter::renderSymbol(SymbolBucket &bucket, std::shared_ptr<StyleLayer> lay
         matrix::scale(exMatrix, exMatrix, fontSize / 24.0f, fontSize / 24.0f, 1.0f);
 
         useProgram(textShader->program);
-        textShader->setMatrix(matrix);
+        textShader->setMatrix(vtxMatrix);
         textShader->setExtrudeMatrix(exMatrix);
 
         GlyphAtlas &glyphAtlas = *map.getGlyphAtlas();
@@ -161,6 +162,8 @@ void Painter::renderSymbol(SymbolBucket &bucket, std::shared_ptr<StyleLayer> lay
     }
 
     if (bucket.hasIconData()) {
+        mat4 vtxMatrix = translatedMatrix(matrix, properties.icon.translate, id, properties.icon.translate_anchor);
+
         mat4 exMatrix;
         matrix::copy(exMatrix, projMatrix);
 
@@ -179,7 +182,7 @@ void Painter::renderSymbol(SymbolBucket &bucket, std::shared_ptr<StyleLayer> lay
         matrix::scale(exMatrix, exMatrix, fontScale, fontScale, 1.0f);
 
         useProgram(iconShader->program);
-        iconShader->setMatrix(matrix);
+        iconShader->setMatrix(vtxMatrix);
         iconShader->setExtrudeMatrix(exMatrix);
 
         SpriteAtlas &spriteAtlas = *map.getSpriteAtlas();
diff --git a/src/style/property_fallback.cpp b/src/style/property_fallback.cpp
index 0f8335dd6..572c4b7a8 100644
--- a/src/style/property_fallback.cpp
+++ b/src/style/property_fallback.cpp
@@ -52,6 +52,7 @@ const std::map<PropertyKey, PropertyValue> PropertyFallbackValue::properties = {
     { PropertyKey::RasterContrast, defaultStyleProperties<RasterProperties>().contrast },
     { PropertyKey::RasterFade, defaultStyleProperties<RasterProperties>().fade },
 
+    { PropertyKey::BackgroundOpacity, defaultStyleProperties<BackgroundProperties>().opacity },
     { PropertyKey::BackgroundColor, defaultStyleProperties<BackgroundProperties>().color },
 };
 
diff --git a/src/style/style.cpp b/src/style/style.cpp
index ee930751e..6f0a0e3b2 100644
--- a/src/style/style.cpp
+++ b/src/style/style.cpp
@@ -103,15 +103,4 @@ void Style::loadJSON(const uint8_t *const data) {
     updateClasses();
 }
 
-const BackgroundProperties &Style::getBackgroundProperties() const {
-    if (layers && layers->layers.size()) {
-        const auto first = layers->layers.front();
-        if (first && first->type == StyleLayerType::Background) {
-            return first->getProperties<BackgroundProperties>();
-        }
-    }
-
-    return defaultStyleProperties<BackgroundProperties>();
-}
-
 }
diff --git a/src/style/style_layer.cpp b/src/style/style_layer.cpp
index 71916afe2..4f758fe72 100644
--- a/src/style/style_layer.cpp
+++ b/src/style/style_layer.cpp
@@ -233,6 +233,7 @@ template <>
 void StyleLayer::applyStyleProperties<BackgroundProperties>(const float z, const timestamp now) {
     properties.set<BackgroundProperties>();
     BackgroundProperties &background = properties.get<BackgroundProperties>();
+    applyTransitionedStyleProperty(PropertyKey::BackgroundOpacity, background.opacity, z, now);
     applyTransitionedStyleProperty(PropertyKey::BackgroundColor, background.color, z, now);
 }
 
diff --git a/src/style/style_parser.cpp b/src/style/style_parser.cpp
index 2fccf1f40..3d51a2ebe 100644
--- a/src/style/style_parser.cpp
+++ b/src/style/style_parser.cpp
@@ -633,9 +633,10 @@ void StyleParser::parseStyle(JSVal value, ClassProperties &klass) {
     parseOptionalProperty<PropertyTransition>("transition-raster-saturation", Key::RasterSaturation, klass, value);
     parseOptionalProperty<Function<float>>("raster-contrast", Key::RasterContrast, klass, value);
     parseOptionalProperty<PropertyTransition>("transition-raster-contrast", Key::RasterContrast, klass, value);
-    parseOptionalProperty<Function<float>>("raster-fade", Key::RasterFade, klass, value);
-    parseOptionalProperty<PropertyTransition>("transition-raster-fade", Key::RasterFade, klass, value);
+    parseOptionalProperty<Function<float>>("raster-fade-duration", Key::RasterFade, klass, value);
+    parseOptionalProperty<PropertyTransition>("transition-raster-fade-duration", Key::RasterFade, klass, value);
 
+    parseOptionalProperty<Function<float>>("background-opacity", Key::BackgroundOpacity, klass, value);
     parseOptionalProperty<Function<Color>>("background-color", Key::BackgroundColor, klass, value);
 }
 
diff --git a/src/text/glyph_store.cpp b/src/text/glyph_store.cpp
index 65941e91f..783710d92 100644
--- a/src/text/glyph_store.cpp
+++ b/src/text/glyph_store.cpp
@@ -131,7 +131,7 @@ void FontStack::lineWrap(Shaping &shaping, const float lineHeight, const float m
         }
     }
 
-    maxLineLength = maxLineLength || shaping.back().x;
+    if (!maxLineLength) maxLineLength = shaping.back().x;
 
     justifyLine(shaping, metrics, lineStartIndex, uint32_t(shaping.size()) - 1, justify);
     align(shaping, justify, horizontalAlign, verticalAlign, maxLineLength, lineHeight, line);
diff --git a/test/headless.cpp b/test/headless.cpp
index 2453f1bb3..4299fd79b 100644
--- a/test/headless.cpp
+++ b/test/headless.cpp
@@ -51,10 +51,6 @@ TEST_P(HeadlessTest, render) {
 
     Log::Set<FixtureLogBackend>();
 
-    // Setup OpenGL
-    HeadlessView view;
-    Map map(view);
-
     for (auto it = infoDoc.MemberBegin(), end = infoDoc.MemberEnd(); it != end; it++) {
         const std::string name { it->name.GetString(), it->name.GetStringLength() };
         const rapidjson::Value &value = it->value;
@@ -80,6 +76,9 @@ TEST_P(HeadlessTest, render) {
             }
         }
 
+        HeadlessView view;
+        Map map(view);
+
         map.setStyleJSON(style, base_directory);
         map.setAppliedClasses(classes);
 
@@ -97,7 +96,6 @@ TEST_P(HeadlessTest, render) {
         const std::string image = util::compress_png(width, height, pixels.get(), true);
         util::write_file(actual_image, image);
     }
-
 }
 
 INSTANTIATE_TEST_CASE_P(Headless, HeadlessTest, ::testing::ValuesIn([] {