diff --git a/include/llmr/map/coverage.hpp b/include/llmr/map/coverage.hpp
index 0d50cd9f7..c889ce701 100644
--- a/include/llmr/map/coverage.hpp
+++ b/include/llmr/map/coverage.hpp
@@ -2,11 +2,12 @@
 #define LLMR_MAP_COVERAGE
 
 #include <llmr/util/vec.hpp>
+#include <llmr/map/tile.hpp>
 #include <forward_list>
 
 namespace llmr {
 
-std::forward_list<vec3<int32_t>> covering_tiles(int32_t zoom, const box& points);
+std::forward_list<Tile::ID> covering_tiles(int32_t zoom, const box& points);
 
 }
 
diff --git a/include/llmr/map/tile.hpp b/include/llmr/map/tile.hpp
index 922940d74..2ae1a64fe 100644
--- a/include/llmr/map/tile.hpp
+++ b/include/llmr/map/tile.hpp
@@ -14,16 +14,32 @@ class TileData;
 
 class Tile : private util::noncopyable {
 public:
-    typedef vec3<int32_t> ID;
+    struct ID {
+        int8_t z = 0;
+        int32_t x = 0, y = 0;
+
+        inline ID(uint8_t z, uint32_t x, uint32_t y)
+            : z(z), x(x), y(y) {
+        }
+
+        inline operator uint64_t() const {
+            uint32_t dim = 1 << z;
+            return ((dim * y + x) * 32) + z;
+        }
+
+        inline bool operator==(const ID& rhs) const {
+            return z == rhs.z && x == rhs.x && y == rhs.y;
+        }
+
+        ID parent(int32_t z) const;
+        void normalize();
+        ID normalized() const;
+        std::forward_list<ID> children(int32_t z) const;
+    };
 
 public:
     Tile(const ID& id);
 
-    static ID parent(const ID& id, int32_t z);
-    static ID normalize(const ID& id);
-    static std::forward_list<ID> children(const ID& id, int32_t z);
-
-
 public:
     const Tile::ID id;
     uint8_t clip_id;
diff --git a/include/llmr/map/transform.hpp b/include/llmr/map/transform.hpp
index 4a07c98f9..a6dde2b4f 100644
--- a/include/llmr/map/transform.hpp
+++ b/include/llmr/map/transform.hpp
@@ -5,6 +5,7 @@
 #include <llmr/util/mat4.hpp>
 #include <llmr/util/animation.hpp>
 #include <llmr/util/noncopyable.hpp>
+#include <llmr/map/tile.hpp>
 
 #include <forward_list>
 
@@ -34,7 +35,7 @@ public:
     void setLonLatZoom(double lon, double lat, double zoom, double duration = 0);
 
     // Getters
-    void matrixFor(mat4& matrix, const vec3<int32_t>& id) const;
+    void matrixFor(mat4& matrix, const Tile::ID& id) const;
     float getZoom() const;
     int32_t getIntegerZoom() const;
     double getScale() const;
diff --git a/src/map/coverage.cpp b/src/map/coverage.cpp
index d1ead268e..c040811b5 100644
--- a/src/map/coverage.cpp
+++ b/src/map/coverage.cpp
@@ -64,15 +64,15 @@ void _scanTriangle(const llmr::vec2<double> a, const llmr::vec2<double> b, const
     if (bc.dy) _scanSpans(ca, bc, ymin, ymax, scanLine);
 }
 
-std::forward_list<llmr::vec3<int32_t>> llmr::covering_tiles(int32_t zoom, const box& points) {
+std::forward_list<llmr::Tile::ID> llmr::covering_tiles(int32_t zoom, const box& points) {
     int32_t dim = pow(2, zoom);
-    std::forward_list<vec3<int32_t>> tiles;
+    std::forward_list<llmr::Tile::ID> tiles;
 
     auto scanLine = [&tiles, zoom](int32_t x0, int32_t x1, int32_t y, int32_t ymax) {
         int32_t x;
         if (y >= 0 && y <= ymax) {
             for (x = x0; x < x1; x++) {
-                tiles.emplace_front(x, y, zoom);
+                tiles.emplace_front(zoom, x, y);
             }
         }
     };
@@ -85,7 +85,7 @@ std::forward_list<llmr::vec3<int32_t>> llmr::covering_tiles(int32_t zoom, const
     _scanTriangle(points.br, points.bl, points.tl, 0, dim, scanLine);
 
     const vec2<double>& center = points.center;
-    tiles.sort([&center](const vec3<int32_t>& a, const vec3<int32_t>& b) {
+    tiles.sort([&center](const Tile::ID& a, const Tile::ID& b) {
         // Sorts by distance from the box center
         return fabs(a.x - center.x) + fabs(a.y - center.y) <
                fabs(b.x - center.x) + fabs(b.y - center.y);
diff --git a/src/map/map.cpp b/src/map/map.cpp
index 5e13727f2..06aea39a3 100644
--- a/src/map/map.cpp
+++ b/src/map/map.cpp
@@ -260,7 +260,7 @@ TileData::State Map::addTile(const Tile::ID& id) {
 
     // We couldn't find the tile in the list. Create a new one.
     // Try to find the associated TileData object.
-    const Tile::ID normalized_id = Tile::normalize(id);
+    const Tile::ID normalized_id = id.normalized();
 
     auto it = std::find_if(tile_data.begin(), tile_data.end(), [&normalized_id](const std::weak_ptr<TileData>& tile_data) {
         return !tile_data.expired() && tile_data.lock()->id == normalized_id;
@@ -299,7 +299,8 @@ bool Map::findLoadedChildren(const Tile::ID& id, int32_t maxCoveringZoom, std::f
     bool complete = true;
     int32_t z = id.z;
 
-    auto ids = Tile::children(id, z + 1);
+
+    auto ids = id.children(z + 1);
     for (const Tile::ID& child_id : ids) {
         const TileData::State state = hasTile(child_id);
         if (state == TileData::State::parsed) {
@@ -326,7 +327,7 @@ bool Map::findLoadedChildren(const Tile::ID& id, int32_t maxCoveringZoom, std::f
  */
 bool Map::findLoadedParent(const Tile::ID& id, int32_t minCoveringZoom, std::forward_list<Tile::ID>& retain) {
     for (int32_t z = id.z - 1; z >= minCoveringZoom; --z) {
-        const Tile::ID parent_id = Tile::parent(id, z);
+        const Tile::ID parent_id = id.parent(z);
         const TileData::State state = hasTile(parent_id);
         if (state == TileData::State::parsed) {
             retain.emplace_front(parent_id);
diff --git a/src/map/tile.cpp b/src/map/tile.cpp
index e7ee1a393..163aa60af 100644
--- a/src/map/tile.cpp
+++ b/src/map/tile.cpp
@@ -8,10 +8,10 @@ Tile::Tile(const ID& id)
     : id(id) {
 }
 
-Tile::ID Tile::parent(const ID& id, int32_t z) {
-    assert(z < id.z);
-    ID pos(id);
-    while (pos.z > z) {
+Tile::ID Tile::ID::parent(int32_t parent_z) const {
+    assert(parent_z < z);
+    ID pos(z, x, y);
+    while (pos.z > parent_z) {
         --pos.z;
         pos.x = floor(pos.x / 2);
         pos.y = floor(pos.y / 2);
@@ -19,25 +19,27 @@ Tile::ID Tile::parent(const ID& id, int32_t z) {
     return pos;
 }
 
-
-std::forward_list<Tile::ID> Tile::children(const ID& id, int32_t z) {
-    assert(z > id.z);
-    int32_t factor = pow(2, z - id.z);
+std::forward_list<Tile::ID> Tile::ID::children(int32_t child_z) const {
+    assert(child_z > z);
+    int32_t factor = pow(2, child_z - z);
 
     std::forward_list<ID> children;
-    for (int32_t y = id.y * factor, y_max = (id.y + 1) * factor; y < y_max; ++y) {
-        for (int32_t x = id.x * factor, x_max = (id.x + 1) * factor; x < x_max; ++x) {
-            children.emplace_front(x, y, z);
+    for (int32_t ty = y * factor, y_max = (y + 1) * factor; ty < y_max; ++ty) {
+        for (int32_t tx = x * factor, x_max = (x + 1) * factor; tx < x_max; ++tx) {
+            children.emplace_front(child_z, tx, ty);
         }
     }
     return children;
 }
 
+void Tile::ID::normalize() {
+    int32_t dim = pow(2, z);
+    while (x < 0) x += dim;
+    while (x >= dim) x -= dim;
+}
 
-Tile::ID Tile::normalize(const ID& id) {
-    ID pos(id);
-    int32_t dim = pow(2, id.z);
-    while (pos.x < 0) pos.x += dim;
-    while (pos.x >= dim) pos.x -= dim;
+Tile::ID Tile::ID::normalized() const {
+    ID pos(z, x, y);
+    pos.normalize();
     return pos;
 }
diff --git a/src/map/transform.cpp b/src/map/transform.cpp
index 01f175729..8cb580ea4 100644
--- a/src/map/transform.cpp
+++ b/src/map/transform.cpp
@@ -235,7 +235,7 @@ double Transform::pixel_y() const {
     return center + y;
 }
 
-void Transform::matrixFor(mat4& matrix, const vec3<int32_t>& id) const {
+void Transform::matrixFor(mat4& matrix, const Tile::ID& id) const {
     const double tile_scale = pow(2, id.z);
     const double tile_size = scale * util::tileSize / tile_scale;